🧬 IGCSE Biology

Topic 1

Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms

Features of organisms, classification systems, and keys

Topic 2

Organisation of the Organism

Cell structure, organelles, and levels of organisation

Topic 3

Movement Into and Out of Cells

Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

Topic 4

Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water

Topic 5

Enzymes

Enzyme action, factors affecting enzymes

Topic 6

Plant Nutrition

Photosynthesis, leaf structure, and mineral requirements

Topic 7

Human Nutrition

Diet, digestive system, and absorption

Topic 8

Transport in Plants

Xylem, phloem, transpiration, and translocation

Topic 9

Transport in Animals

Circulatory system, heart, blood, and vessels

Topic 10

Diseases and Immunity

Pathogens, transmission, defence mechanisms, and immunity

Topic 11

Gas Exchange in Humans

Respiratory system, breathing, and gas exchange

Topic 12

Respiration

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Topic 13

Excretion in Humans

Kidney structure, function, and dialysis

Topic 14

Coordination and Response

Nervous system, hormones, and homeostasis

Topic 15

Drugs

Types of drugs and their effects on the body

Topic 16

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproduction, development

Topic 17

Inheritance

Chromosomes, genes, monohybrid crosses, and mutations

Topic 18

Variation and Selection

Variation, natural selection, and evolution

Topic 19

Organisms and Their Environment

Ecosystems, energy flow, and nutrient cycles

Topic 20

Human Influences on Ecosystems

Pollution, deforestation, and conservation

Topic 21

Biotechnology and Genetic Modification

Genetic engineering, cloning, and biotechnology applications